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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク First Railway Directive ： ウィキペディア英語版 First Railway Directive The First Railway Directive (91/440/EC ) (with amendments, also called the "First Railway Package") is European Union Directive that sets out an EU law framework and requirements for railways in the EU to allow open access operations on railway lines by companies other than those that own the rail infrastructure. The legislation was further extended by further directives to include cross border transit of freight. The subsequent directives 2001/12/EC, 2001/13/EC and 2001/14/EC which built upon the initial legislation are collectively known as the First Railway Package. In September 2010 the process of merging the directives into a single piece of legislation was begun; with the addition of modifications to strengthen the regulatory framework.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Proposals for revision of First Railway Package published )〕 The Second Railway Package and the Third Railway Package aimed to push integration further. ==Background== In many countries in Europe the railway systems developed as separate privately owned companies operating regional networks〔For example in the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Germany.〕 with permission to construct and operate a line being granted or instructed by government legislation, or by royal decree or license. During the 20th century the railways became organised and run through a country wide organisation〔For example: British Railways created in 1948; SNCF 1938; Deutsche Reichsbahn created through merger of individual German state railways in 1920; RENFE and FEVE in Spain, during the Franco government〕 often through nationalisation. These entities in general had total or virtual monopolies.〔Specifically in terms of mainline workings, small industrial railways continued to exist in large industrial complexes such as mines and steelworks.〕 These national companies were vertically integrated organisations and it was difficult or impossible for private or regional enterprises to run their own trains on the national networks, or to compete in other EU country's railway systems. Thus in 1991 EU Directive 91/440 was created to make it a legal requirement for independent companies to be able to apply for non-discriminatory track access (running powers) on a European Union country's track.〔(Development of the Community's railways ) ''europa.eu''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「First Railway Directive」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.